Anglais ESSAY WRITING (FINAL)

✓ Methodologie clairement expliquée ✓ Exemples rédigés ✓ Des sujets d'examen avec corrigés

PAR : UN GROUPE D'ENSEIGNANTS

Une idée originale de: Achile Tallé

✓ Mr MAFOUEN TALLE Achile, Lycée Bilingue Mbandjock

✓ Mr DIEMU Boniface, Lycée Classique Mbandjock

✓ Mrs NGOILIGA Hymette Derboise, Lycée Bilingue Grand Souza

✓ Mr NZE NJEA Brandonn, C.E.S Nguetou

TOUS DES PROFESSEURS DES LETTRES BILINGUES

THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED TO ALL OUR STUDENTS

1-Narrative: Il s'agit de raconter une histoire basée sur un fait vécu ou non. Ex. A day I will never forget.

2-Argumentative: Il est question ici de défendre un point de vue en utilisant des arguments et exemples convaincants. Ex. Students are the sole responsible for their success or failure. Do you agree ?

3-Expository: Faire un exposé sur le sujet donné. Ex. Deforestation: causes and consequences.

4- Speech : Il s'agit de rédiger un discours sur un thème donné. Ex. You are the President of students' association of your school. Write a speech to sensitize your classmates on the dangers of cheating during exams.

5- Article : Rédiger un article de journal sur un sujet donné. Ex. Write an article on malaria in our society today. Your name is Tandem

6-Description: Il s'agit de décrire un lieu, une personne,... Ex. Describe a touristic site of Cameroon.

7- Letter writing : Informal letter : Rédiger une lettre à un proche, membre de la famille, ami... Formal letter : Rédiger une lettre demande d'emploi... Lettre à une autorité.

8-Dialogue : Rediger un dialogue dans une situation de communication donnée Ex. Imagine your mother sends you to the market to buy your school bag. Write a dialogue between you (Divine) and the trader (Tagne)

NB : UN MEME SUJET PEUT FAIRE APPEL A PLUSIEURS TYPES DE "ESSAY"

EX. Write a letter to your friend Talom in Germany inviting him to come and visit your country (Cameroon) during the summer vacation. In your letter, you should paint a vivid picture of a nice touristic site that you would like your friend to visit.

What is a narrative?

Narratives simply tell a story or relay a sequence of events. Generally, these events are told in chronological order, that is the order in which they happened. However, a narrative most often tells a story in order to illustrate or demonstrate a point. Since the story told is generally a past one, the tense to be used are past tenses (simple past tense and past perfect).

A simple narrative structure

Introduction (should be appealing to the readers)

+ introduce the topic (what, where, when?) + strong thesis statement

Body (should list events in chronological order and make use of cohesive devices)

+ what happened (sequence of events)? + who involved in the story? + how did it happen?

Conclusion

+ how the story ended? + any lesson learned from the story? + any special feelings?

Example: Topic 1: First day at University

I remember my first day at university very clearly as if it was yesterday. It was on the 14th October in the University of Douala. The details will be given in the following lines.

I stepped my feet on a university campus for the first time a Monday morning at 7h30. At first I was both excited and happy. At the same time I was very nervous because I didn't know anyone. That's why I was confused and lost. I didn't know where to go.

I decided to go towards a group of students who were discussing to ask where the first year students were going to meet. They looked at me surgingly without answering me. I told them that I was a new student. Immediately, a young and very gentle girl standing nearby came towards me and showed me the way.

Then, I walked through some big buildings, and when I arrived I saw many students and I felt scared. After a while, I told myself to be braver. I saw one girl, I greeted her and we introduced ourselves. Soon, I started feeling much better. I began now to feel that I had become a university student.

Later, we began our classes. The lecturer talked for a while and then we introduced ourselves. After that, I met three boys whose names were Calvin, Antoine and Bernard. Soon, we became good friends and started discussing together. Although we came from different regions, we had a lot in common. We spent the rest of the day together until we had to go home.

Finally, I will never forget that day because I had the opportunity to meet many people that I have never met and I experienced new things. It was a unique moment; that's why it remains a very memorable day.

Topic 2: The worst day of my life

One day when I was about to pay for my grocery shopping I discovered my purse had no money. Given the situation, I left to the bank, not prepared at all for what I was about to experience there.

I was about to withdraw money from my account when suddenly two men wearing black masks over their heads rushed through the front door and began shouting and waving guns in the air.

I was terrified. I started trembling and there was sweat all over my body when they asked us to sit down at a corner pointing their guns towards us.

Then, pointing their guns and a bag, they ordered the cashiers to empty the entire content of the bank coffer without any resistance. The cashiers did so.

While they were emptying the coffer, I kept expecting to hear the wailing police sirens to rescue us, but there was only an unbearable silence.

Immediately after they had finished, the masked raiders grabbed their bag and left the building, jumping into a black car parked opposite the bank where a third man was waiting for them.

Some minutes later, the police arrived. Several officers took off in their cars immediately to see if they could catch the bank robbers, while others tried to calm us down enough so that they could take our statements.

Finally, nobody was shot nor wounded by these robbers. They only left with money. Some officers went after them but could not arrest any of the two men.

Since that day, I always pray God to always protect me from such bad moments. That's the day I had the most terrible fear of my life. That's why it will always remain in my mind.

There are two types of letters: Formal and Informal letters

• Formal letters have two addresses whereas informal letters have only one.


• Formal letters should be straightforward.


• Informal language, slangs and contracted forms should be avoided in formal letters.


• In order to avoid examination malpractices or fraud, students are not allowed to sign their letters during official exams.


• For closing remarks or end greetings, we say "sincerely yours/yours sincerely" (if opening greeting was dear Mister or Mrs.........) or "faithfully yours/yours faithfully" (if the opening greeting was dear Sir or Madam).

A / FORMAL LETTER

It is also known as administrative or business letter. We write it to people who are not close to us; that is in an official context. Kinds of Formal letters include:

LETTERS OF COMPLAINT

Introduction

Paragraph 1 - reason for writing

Main Body

Paragraphs 2-3 - complaint(s) and justification

Conclusion

Final Paragraph - suggested action to be taken, Closing remarks

Full name

Useful language for Letters of Complaint

Opening Remarks:

- I am writing to complain about/regarding/on account of/because of/on the subject of...

- I am writing to draw your attention to...

- I am writing to express my strong dissatisfaction with...

- I am sorry to say that I was very disappointed with...

Useful phrases:

- We ought to discuss the matter...

- To make matters worse...

- I was very disappointed to find that...

- I would be grateful if you could...

- The first problem was... Another problem was... The most visible problem...

- I hope you will understand that I was very dissatisfied...

- I believe you can appreciate how disappointed I was when...

Closing Remarks:

- I would like to hear your explanation for the above problems...

- I would therefore be grateful if you could give me a full refund...

- I would like a full refund as soon as possible...

- I would like to have all or part of my money refunded...

- I am not satisfied with...

- I hope/assume you will replace...

- I hope the matter will be resolved...

- I hope we can sort this matter out amicably

- I look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience to offer me a complete refund

- I insist you replace the item at once...

- I demand a full refund...

- I hope that I will not be forced to take further action

- I look forward to hearing your early reply

- I look forward to receiving a prompt reply

LETTERS OF APOLOGY

• A letter of apology can be either formal or informal. It can be written when someone has made a mistake, has failed to perform a duty or is not able to fulfil a promise.


• The main body contains reasons for the inconvenience caused.


• In the final paragraph you can express your hope to improve the situation or promise to make up for any problems that have been caused.

Introduction

Paragraph 1 - reason for writing

Main Body

Paragraphs 2-3 - reasons to explain the inconvenience caused

Conclusion

Final Paragraph - express understanding/regret or promise to make up for the situation

Closing remarks

Full name

Useful Language for Letters of Apology

Opening Remarks:

Formal

- I am writing to apologise for...

- I must apologise for...

- Please accept my sincerest apologies for...

Informal

- I hope you will understand when I say that I'm sorry for...

- I'm so sorry if I upset you in any way...

- I can't describe how sorry I am and how guilty I feel...

Closing Remarks:

Formal

- Once again, sincerest apologies for...

- I hope you will accept my apologies...

- I hope my apologies will be/are accepted...

Informal

- I hope you believe me when I say how sorry I am...

- I can't tell you how sorry I am...

- I beg you to forgive me for...

- There is no excuse for ... and I hope you'll forgive me...

LETTERS OF APPLICATION

A letter of application may be written when we apply for a permanent/temporary job or educational course.

It is important to include only the information that is relevant, and to use a suitable style, formal or semi-formal.

The first paragraph mentions the reason for writing. It can also include the name of the job/course you are applying for and where you saw it advertised.

The main body paragraphs can include: what you are doing now, what work experience you have, your academic qualifications, the personal qualities which make you suitable for the job or course.

In your final paragraph, you can: summarize the points in the main body, thank the person for considering your application, ask the person to consider you for the job/course, mention the possibility of further communication.

Present tenses are normally used but some past tenses can be used to describe your past experience. You may also use future constructions.

Applying for a Job

Introduction

Paragraph 1 - reason for writing

Main Body

Paragraphs 2-3-4 - qualifications/training, previous experience/qualities and skills

Conclusion

Final Paragraph - closing remarks

Full name

Useful Language for Letters of Application (for a Job)

Opening Remarks:

- I am writing to apply for the post/job/position of ....../which I saw advertised in...

- I am writing with regard/in response to your advertisement...

Reference to experience:

- ...for the last/past year I have been working as... since/for

- I have had experience of...

- Two years ago I was employed as...

- I worked as... before...

Closing Remarks:

- I would appreciate a reply at your earliest convenience...

- Please contact me regarding any queries you may have...

- I enclose my CV and I would be glad to attend an interview at any time convenient to you...

- If you wish me to attend an interview, I am available at any time...

- I look forward to hearing from you in due course...

SAMPLE FORMAL LETTER / EXEMPLE DE LETTRE OFFICIELLE

TOPIC: Write a letter to the Minister of Secondary Education to suggest measures that can be adopted to make life better for students. Your name and address: John ATANGA; GBHS Bapi; PO Box 408 Bapi

GBHS BAPI

PO Box 408

BAPI

25th MAY 2018

THE MINISTER OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

Dear Madam,

SUGGESTION OF MEASURES THAT CAN BE ADOPTED TO MAKE LIFE BETTER FOR STUDENTS

It is with due respect that I write this letter today to propose some measures that can be put in place in your ministry to make life better for students.

In fact, it is widely believed that the studies conditions of students are not really the best all over the country. They face a lot of difficulties such as lack of classrooms, benches in classrooms are not always enough, a situation that makes them uncomfortable in class. Sometimes, when it happens that they have a few classrooms, they are in a very bad state after many years without being taken care of, the roof is generally bad and rain easily comes in when falling. In addition to this, there is a lack of teachers in many schools, making some subjects to be only partially taught. Furthermore, the rights of students are not respected in many schools; they are beaten and sometimes they do not have the freedom of expression to say what they think.

Madam, in order to attempt a solution to these problems, I suggest a more equitable distribution of teachers in our schools, a commission to watch over the proper use of PTA money that should be used to really take care of the school environment.

Concerning teachers who are more often absent in classes, strict measures should be taken to cut their salaries (the salary must be given according to the work done). These methods and more others if adopted will not only make students joyful, but also, this will make them have better performances.

I hope my suggestion will be taken into consideration and I express you my deep respect.

Yours faithfully,

John ATANGA

B/ INFORMAL LETTER

It is the type of letter which is written to our relatives (family and friends). It is also called personal or friendly letter.

Topic: After your FSLC (CEP) at the age of 12, your parents want you to marry a man of 40 years. Write a letter to your friend Amina to denounce the situation of forced marriage and express your will. You're called Inna Hamadou of GBHS Bare in Moungo Division, Littoral Region, PO Box 142 Nkongsamba

Consider the followings:

- Express your greetings

- Say why you're writing

- Explain the situation in detail

- Express your will

Suggested model answer

GBHS Baré

PO Box 142

Moungo Division

Littoral Region

14th April 2018

Hello Amina,

How are you my dear friend? I hope you're fine with your family. As for me, I am fine physically but not mentally.

I'm writing to denounce a situation of forced marriage in my family. When I came back from school last week, there was a man in our sitting room discussing with my parents. He is as old as my father. Then, my parents called me and introduced me to him. They said he was my future husband and that he has come for me.

In fact, I was helpless and speechless, for I didn't know what to say. You know I am only 12. I am very upset because it's not fair. More to that, I want to finish my school so as to be able to earn a good living. So, I want to be a great woman tomorrow. I will choose my husband myself. I don't know what to do now. Nobody should be forced to get married whatever the circumstances. I believe that my parents simply want to destroy my future.

I would like the government to look deeper into this matter in order to put an end and even sanction parents who dare force their daughters to marriage despite their age and against their will. Thus, I really want you to give me some advice given the delicate situation.

I'm waiting for your reply as soon as possible. Take care!

Your lovely friend,

Aisha Pepawouo

SAMPLE INFORMAL LETTER

TOPIC: You have a friend called KAMDEM in Gabon. Write a letter inviting him to come and visit a touristic site in Cameroon during the Easter holidays. Your name and address: OUMAROU, PO Box 11, Nanga.

PO Box 11

NANGA

25th MAY 2018

Dear KAMDEM,

How are you? Hope your family is OK! As far as I am concerned, I am fine.

It has been long you have not visited Cameroon again! Things have changed; there are many very nice places now. In fact, during the upcoming Easter holidays I wish you will have the opportunity to come. I want to visit a very nice place that is Kribi in the Littoral Region of the country.

Kribi is a small city but which has a very interesting touristic site: the beach. Found on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, it is a beautiful place with coconut trees, mango trees and other trees that beautify the environment. Inside, we have a nice beach with small ships and many stones, that seaside is very used to take photos, swim and have fun on the seashore. Near, we have many hotels which are really interesting through the comfort they offer to visitors; besides we can also see many houses belonging to the indigenous population. Another interesting thing is that there is great fishing activity that is carried out there (huge fish and shrimps are taken from the river and roasted there on the seashore). Kribi, with its large number of visitors has also become a great business place with a lot of trading going on there. There, we can eat coconut, have close look at the waterfalls and get on small ships for a cruise.

I hope my invitation will have a favorable answer. Take care and don't forget to send my regards to your family!

Miss you,

Your friend OUMAROU

Topic 2: Your sister Bessy in 6ème wants to know why she should learn English. Write her a letter in which you will bring out the importance of learning English Language nowadays. Your name is Stevy Maxwell, Baptist High School Nwa, PO Box 14 Nkambe.

Dear Bessy,

I understand you want to know why it's important for you to learn English Language nowadays seriously.

First and foremost, Cameroon is a bilingual country and it's an important subject, so you need to learn it so as to fit the challenges of the society and have more job opportunities. Thus, a key to success. Secondly, English Language is the most commonly spoken language in the world because it permits you to communicate with the entire world easily. For example, it's used by more than three (03) billion people.

More importantly, it is recognised as the official language of air transport and shipping transactions, the leading language of science, technology, computer and international business transactions or management. That's certainly why more and more people show interest in learning English even if they already have a job. In addition to that, English Language is a major medium of education, international negotiations or diplomacy and international organisations such as United Nations, The Commonwealth etc.

The last but not the least reason for learning English is that, internet which is the largest source of information in the world today is based on English Language knowledge. Consequently, the mastering of this medium provides innumerable opportunities in the field of employment.

My dear sister, please, don't neglect this language; make a good use of it for professional and social reasons so as to be competitive because it's a strategic and open window to the world.

Your Brother,

Chrys Benji

A Speech is a piece of writing meant to be read or delivered in front of an audience on a specific occasion.

There is a Formal speech which is meant for official ceremonies or events like the Bilingualism Day, the Youth Day celebration etc, and an Informal speech meant for other ceremonies like birthday party, a family gathering etc.

A speech can be defined as a formal talk given to people on formal or informal occasions. It is supposed to be delivered orally but can also be written. When writing a speech, we should follow particular steps.

1) The title of your speech

2) Greetings

It is advisable to greet your audience in order of seniority i.e from the "most important" personality present in your audience.

Ex:

The Minister of Secondary Education,

The Regional Delegate,

The Departmental Delegate,

The Principal of GBHS Bali,

Ladies and gentlemen,

You are welcome to this ceremony.

After the greeting, the candidate is expected to introduce the main purpose of his speech.

Ex: I am indeed glad to be called upon to entertain you on the importance of Bilingualism.

3) The body

Here, the candidate should bring convincing arguments to prove his audience that what he is saying is true. He should be convincing. Use facts and details to convince or persuade them. Your word choice here depends on your audience. Avoid informal language if you are delivering a speech on a formal occasion. However, if you are talking to your friends at a birthday party, you can make use of informal language.

Always include your audience in what you are saying (We all know that, you will agree with me that, etc.) Do not make them think that you are giving a sermon.

Make appropriate use of linking words to make your ideas coherent.

4) Closing remarks

It is advisable to lay emphasis on the most important points of your speech.

Ex: as I said in my speech, bilingualism is a key to development.

You should thank your audience at the end of the speech.

Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for your patience and kind attention.

Long live ....

Long live ....

Here we start with the less important entity.

Long live GBHS Bali

Long live Mezam

Long live Cameroon

TOPIC: During the Governor's visit to your village, you have been given the opportunity to talk about the importance of providing your village with ICT facilities on behalf of the Youth of the village. Your village is Mbandjock, Centre Region

A SPEECH PRESENTED BY THE YOUTH'S REPRESENTATIVE ON THE OCCASION OF THE GOVERNOR'S VISIT TO TALK ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF ICT FACILITIES IN THE VILLAGE

The Governor of Centre Region, The Senior Divisional Officer for the Upper Sanaga Division, The Divisional Officer for Mbandjock, The Mayor of Mbandjock council, The Chief of the village, Honorable guests in your respective ranks and grades, Ladies and gentlemen,

On behalf of the Youth of this great village, dear Governor, let me first of all express my deep gratitude for the privilege given to the village by paying us a visit. I also seize the opportunity to wish you a warm welcome to our village, the land of legendary hospitality; feel at home!

The main topic of my speech of today is the importance of ICT facilities in our village. I will start by giving an overview of what we mean by ICT. ICT means information and communication technology. These include mobile phone, internet, computer, radio, TV ... nowadays, these tools are at the centre of major changes that we observe in the world today. The major revolution in different domains of life are the products of ICT tools; this is the digital age!

ICT has dramatically affected the teaching learning process, computer with internet being very useful for research; new learning opportunities have been opened up and have provided access to resources that are richer than the traditional orientations.

Dear Governor, the creation of a multimedia centre as well as equipping our schools with computers will be a great gain for our village in general and youth in particular. This will ease communication with our relatives who live abroad or very far from us, and more importantly it will definitely improve the quality of education in our village and increase the success rate in official exams.

It is widely said that one who is computer illiterate in our modern age is a real analphabet. KINDLY GIVE US the opportunity to come out of this hibernation.

Being convinced that this will be granted to us very soon by our kind Governor, I urge my fellow young people of this village to make good use of ICT in order to avoid its bad effects.

Long live our great village, Long live our Region, Long live Cameroon,

Thank you for your kind attention!

From the verb "to argue" which means to defend an opinion using arguments in order to convince, Argumentative essay is a type of essay in which the candidate is called on to give strong arguments in order to convince the reader. As such, he/she must clearly state the standpoint and back it up with practical examples and illustrations. In order to achieve this, the candidate can make use of the following guidelines:

INTRODUCTION

A good introduction of an argumentative essay should contain a strong thesis statement which clearly states the issue to be discussed in the body of the essay.

BODY

The body of the essay is organised in form of paragraphs, each paragraph being based on a single idea. A good paragraph must contain the following elements:

A good Topic sentence which clearly states the idea to be developed in the said paragraph

Supporting sentences which give details or rather give explanations about the idea/argument stated in the topic sentence

Illustrations and examples to back up the explanations given

Linking sentence to achieve cohesion in your write-up

CONCLUSION

The conclusion gives the summary of discussions as stated in the introduction; it is a way of weighing the pros and the cons and come out with a balanced judgement.

THE STRUCTURE OF ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY TOPICS:

A stem + a question

Ex: Modern ICT tools have done more harm than good in the society. Do you agree?

A question

Ex: Are you FOR or AGAINST abortion? / Abortion should it be legalised?

A statement + what to do

Ex: Women are more successful in business than men. Discuss

"OPINION" ESSAYS

For 'opinion' essays, give both sides of the argument or just one side.

A) Essay structure for one side of the argument:

1. Introduction: topic sentence + your opinion (either agree or disagree)

2. First idea to support your opinion

3. Second idea to support your opinion

4. Conclusion: repeat your opinion

B) Essay structure for giving both sides:

1. Introduction: topic sentence + mention the opposite opinion + your opinion

2. Opposite opinion (you can accept some of the opposite arguments)

3. Your opinion

4. Conclusion: explain that you understand the opposite opinion, then give your opinion...

"TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU AGREE?"

Answer: To a certain extent I agree that... However, I also think that...

Example question: People visiting other countries should adapt to the customs and behaviours expected there. They should not expect the host country to welcome different customs and behaviours. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Answer: To a certain extent I agree that visitors to other countries should respect the culture of the host country. However, I also think that host countries should accept visitors' cultural differences.

HOW TO WRITE AN INTRODUCTION

Writing introduction needs only 2 things:

1. A sentence that introduces the topic

2. A sentence that gives a short, general answer to the question (one view essay)

Here is an example topic:

Topic: As computers are being used more and more in education, there will soon be no role for the teacher in the classroom. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

INTRODUCTION 1:

It is true that computers have become an essential tool for teachers and students in all areas of education. However, while computers are extremely useful, I disagree with the idea that they could soon replace teachers completely.

INTRODUCTION 2:

The constant use of computers in education milieu has led some people to think that the teachers will soon be of no use in the classrooms. Although their roles cannot be denied, I do not agree with this view for the following reasons.

INTRODUCTION 3:

Nowadays no one can deny that computers play a major role in education. This situation made people think that computers will soon play the role of teachers in classroom. I somehow agree with this opinion.

DIFFERENT INTRODUCTIONS

Topic: Some people think the main purpose of schools is to turn children into good citizens and workers, rather than to benefit them as individuals. How far do you agree or disagree?

Here are 3 different introductions. NB: the opinion is clear in each one.

AGREE:

People have different views about what the main purpose of schools should be. Personally, I agree that a school's role is to prepare children to be productive members of society.

DISAGREE:

Many people argue that the main role of schools is to prepare children for their future jobs. However, I believe that the purpose of education should be to help children to grow as individuals.

BALANCED VIEW:

To a certain extent I agree that the role of schools is to prepare children to be productive members of society. However, I also believe that the education process has a positive impact on us as individuals.

SAMPLE ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

Topic: Television is considered as a media which has a bad influence on youngsters. Do you think watching television has more drawbacks than benefits to adolescents?

INTRODUCTION (à titre indicatif)

The influence of television on young people nowadays cannot be denied. But the question is whether this influence is more negative than positive. In an attempt to bring an answer to this, we shall exploit and weigh the advantages and disadvantages of watching TV.

BODY (à titre indicatif)

1- Drawbacks of television on youngsters (à titre indicatif)

Considered as the most influential media, there are several reasons why it can be argued that television can have a bad influence on youths. Firstly, it discourages face to face contact among youths and movements. Thus, youngsters scarcely meet to share ideas. Secondly, these young viewers are exposed to all kind of violence (violent deaths) or advertisements that can negatively impact their memory and lead them to aggressive behaviour or antisocial behaviour such as drug and alcohol consumption. Finally, long exposure to TV screen can affect the eyes and even lead to illnesses namely juvenile diabetes, obesity and even heart disease. More to that, it can influence the adolescent to abandon their culture and copy the culture of others thus causing the disappearance of one's culture.

2- Benefits of watching TV to youths (à titre indicatif)

On the other hand, watching television can be beneficial to youngsters. First of all, it's a good, powerful and instant source of information. In other words, one can watch and know what is going on in the world via television as time passes. For instance, political or social events, wars, sports etc. Thus, it allows viewers of all age to experience something as close as possible whatever the distance. Another reason is that, it reduces misinformation or twisting information. Furthermore, TV has educational programmes or channels such as documentaries, Tiji for children, Planet, and National Geographic etc. that put the youths all over the world on a more equal playing ground. TV also provides some good models of success and entrepreneur for youths all over the world. The last but not the least advantage is that, watching television allows youths to create a national culture because it gives them something common to talk about and it also makes them learn from other cultures and societies. Indeed, television promotes cultural diversity.

CONCLUSION (à titre indicatif)

At the end of the day, it comes out clearly that watching television has a largely positive influence on a youngster. However, it's important that it should not be watched too much and that the youths should choose the right sort of programme.

Topic 3: Computers are being used more and more in education and some people believe there will soon be no role for the teacher in education. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

INTRODUCTION (à titre indicatif)

It's a commonplace nowadays to notice that technology is being used increasingly in most of our schools. This situation has led some people to believe that educators will soon become useless. Can computers really challenge teachers in the field of education?

BODY (à titre indicatif)

1- The important role of the teacher in education (à titre indicatif)

One reason why I think that teachers are essential is because a human being needs human beings for a real follow-up and interaction; and both teachers and learners are humans. Teachers for instance, encourage and discipline students and understand their difficulties and their needs. This is what computers cannot do. Many people find it difficult to be interested in learning new things. Therefore educators are needed to make classes more interesting and stimulate students' desires for learning and interest through good explanation and motivation. Also, in the case of young people, teachers often need to force students to learn through the use of punishments. Another reason why teachers are needed is because they can teach young people important skills and values. Teachers function as a guide and a counsellor. This is because educators serve as role models to their students and teach them how to appropriately interact with their peers. Therefore, if people only learn using machines they will lose the opportunity to learn important social skills and values.

2- The contribution of computers to education (à titre indicatif)

However, studying over the internet certainly offers a lot of convenience. First, we are able to study in the comfort of our own homes, without the need to go to school. Second, computers do offer the ability for people to learn anywhere at any time and at a great speed. You can make your research alone via the net and compare data easily. Considering this, there is no need for a teacher to be by your side to tell you what to do and how to do it. Indeed, you simply learn by doing. Finally, teachers themselves also learn from machines; they do research so as to prepare their own lessons. In some developed countries such as the United States of America, Russia, Japan, Germany or China etc., machines have proven to be very important in learning. Even in Africa today, one cannot do real studies without the contribution of computers. At times, learners spend a considerable time with machines most of the times for research matters.

CONCLUSION AND PERSONAL OPINION (à titre indicatif)

In summary, if it comes out that machines contribute to a learner's education, I disagree however that they can replace teachers; what teachers represent to students goes beyond simple education. That's why, they can't be replaced whatever the case. Thus, computers and teachers can be seen as being complementary in education.

OTHER EXAMPLES

Topic: books, radio, TV: which is the most important?

INTRODUCTION

There are various benefits and drawbacks of books, radio and television as ways to convey information. In my view, television is definitely the most effective of these three media.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, although books, radio and television each have their advantages and disadvantages, it seems to me that the impact of television is greater.

Topic: Some people believe that studying at university or college is the best route to a successful career, while others believe that it is better to get a job straight after school. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Here is a sample introduction and conclusion, as well as some ideas for the main body paragraphs:

INTRODUCTION

When they finish school, teenagers face the dilemma of whether to get a job or continue their education. While there are some benefits to getting a job straight after school, I would argue that it is better to go to college or university.

PARAGRAPH 1: benefits of getting a job just after school

The option to start work straight after school is attractive for several reasons. (Topic sentence)

(IDEAS: start earning money, become independent, gain experience, learn skills, get promotions, settle down earlier, afford a house, have a family)

PARAGRAPH 2: benefits of higher education (my opinion)

On the other hand, I believe that it is more beneficial for students to continue their studies. (Topic sentence)

(IDEAS: some jobs require academic qualifications, better job opportunities, higher salaries, the job market is very competitive, gain knowledge, become a useful member of society)

CONCLUSION

For the reasons mentioned above, it seems to me that students are more likely to be successful in their lives if they continue their studies beyond school level.

How to write a paragraph

Today I'm going to write a paragraph about gun control. I'll start with some vocabulary ideas, then I'll make them into full sentences.

Topic: More and more students are choosing to study at colleges and universities in a foreign country. Do the benefits of studying abroad outweigh the drawbacks? Some ideas

Benefits of studying abroad:

- Many students travel abroad to study at a prestigious university.

- The best universities employ lecturers who are experts in their fields.

- Qualifications gained abroad can open doors to better job opportunities.

- Living in a foreign country can broaden students' horizons.

- Overseas students are exposed to different cultures and customs.

- They can immerse themselves in a language.

Drawbacks of studying abroad:

- Living away from home can be challenging.

- Students have problems with paperwork such as visa applications.

- The language barrier can cause difficulties.

- Students have to find accommodation and pay bills.

- Many students feel homesick and miss their families.

- Some students experience culture shock.

1. Many criminals re-offend after they have been punished. Why do some people continue to commit crimes after they have been punished, and what measures can be taken to tackle this problem? Causes of crime and re-offending:

The main causes of crime are poverty, unemployment and lack of education. People who commit crimes often have no other way of making a living. The prison system can make the situation worse. Offenders mix with other criminals who can be a negative influence. A criminal record makes finding a job more difficult. Many prisoners re-offend when they are released.

Possible measures to reduce crime and re-offending:

Prisons should provide education or vocational training. Rehabilitation programmes prepare prisoners for release into society. Community service is another way to reform offenders. It makes offenders useful in their local communities. They might be required to talk to school groups or clean public areas. Offenders also need help when looking for accommodation and work.

Topic: Some people believe that it is wrong to keep animals in zoos, while others think that zoos are both entertaining and ecologically important. Discuss both views. Positives of keeping animals in zoos:

1. Environmental perspective: Zoos play an important role in wildlife conservation. They help to protect endangered species. They allow scientists to study animal behaviour.

2. Economic perspective: Zoos employ large numbers of people. They provide job opportunities and income for the local area. The money raised can be used for conservation projects.

3. Personal perspective: Zoos are interesting, educational and fun. They make a great day out for families. Children learn to appreciate wildlife and nature.

Negatives of zoos:

1. Environmental perspective: Zoos are artificial environments. Animals lose their instinct to hunt for food. It would be better to save endangered species by protecting their natural habitats.

2. Moral perspective: Keeping animals in cages is unethical. We have no right to use animals for entertainment. Zoos exhibit animals with the aim of making a profit.

To describe means to paint, to create a mental picture of somebody or something. As such, in order to achieve a good description, the learner must make good use of adjectives to show HOW the element being described looks like. Always remember that a good description creates a mental representation in the mind of the reader; so the description must give details and show what makes the element unique amongst others. In a nutshell, the main question to be addressed here is: HOW IS... We can describe a person, a place, an animal, an event, a process.

DESCRIBING A PROCESS

How mint tea is made.

First, some tea is put in a pot, then, the water is boiled, next, the mint and the tea are rinsed in hot water, after that, the sugar is added, Finally, the pot is filled with boiling water.

DESCRIBING A PERSON

Describe a teacher who has influenced you in your education.

You should say:

- Where you met him/her.

- What subject s/he taught.

- What was special about him/her and explain why this person influenced you so much.

Suggested Answer:

Introduction

I am lucky to have been taught by very experienced, hardworking and extraordinary teachers throughout my primary, secondary and higher education. Among these great educators, I'd like to talk about an English teacher called Mr. Diemu whom I consider as a really good mentor.

Body

I met this man for the first time when I was in 4ème and he was our English teacher. Physically, he seemed to be a severe and moody teacher and we would have to be very polite in front of him. This impression came mostly because of his serious face and tidy dress-up. But soon we found that he is a very friendly person and teaches us very well. He has a great personality and leads an exemplary life.

Concerning his own way of teaching lessons, he never made things complicated and tried over and over again to explain something to us. He had a very unique way of teaching. Seems like he would start a joke and immediately relate it to the new lesson. Thus everything we learned from him was interesting and that's why we remember most of the learning approach and techniques of studies he taught us. He is a great orator and has a great personality. He loved giving home assignments.

Conclusion

Finally, I would say that this particular teacher has a great influence in my education because he has given me the desire to love and learn English. I have always been good at English and that's mainly because of Mr. Diemu who had a major role in making the subject interesting to me. He is the type of teacher you will never forget.

TIPS FOR ANSWERING THIS QUESTION:

Talk about a teacher you remember and liked. Say his/her name and which class/grade s/he taught. Also mention which subject she taught and what have you learned from him/her.

Following are some of the reasons a teacher becomes influential for a student that you can talk about:

- The way of teaching is very effective and interesting.

- S/he has a great personality and leads an exemplary life.

- S/he tells lots of examples and stories to make the subject and topic interesting.

- S/he is a famous teacher in your locality who also taught your elder brother, father etc.

- S/he has a great personality and because of that students like him/her very much.

- S/he is successful in explaining difficult topics in an easy and intuitive way.

- S/he behaves very politely with all and never discriminates among students.

- S/he is brave and speaks the right thing no matter what.

- S/he teaches lots of moral values as well as inspires students to study properly.

- Apart from teaching s/he does some social works, creative stuffs and or anything which is beneficial for others.

Describe someone in your family whom you really admire.

Consider the followings:

- Who is that person (to you) in the family?

- What relation this person is to you?

- What are your first memories of this person?

- How often you see this person?

- Why do you really admire this person?

Suggested model answer:

Introduction (Introduce the person by differentiating him/her from others + thesis statement)

In every family there's always a person we love and admire most. In my case, this special person is my lovely mother Lydia whom I even love more than anyone else in the world for the following reasons.

First of all, I strongly believe she was the first human I saw when I opened my eyes in this world. Thus, relationship with a mother is divine and all of my childhood memories are either related to my mom or my school.

Physically speaking, my mum is one of the most beautiful and gentle women in the world. She has got a fair complexion, a normal height and weight...

Secondly, I adore my mother for her caring, loving, adorable behaviours vis-à-vis all her six (06) children. Moreover, she is the person with whom I can share my secrets and that's the reason I adore and respect her so much. She is my sweet mother.

Another reason is that, whenever I'm sad, mummy will do all she can to find out what the problem is all about so as to look for solutions. She does the same with my brothers and sisters. In addition, she makes sure we've taken our bath, made our bed, eaten and studied our lessons before sleeping. She's always the last person to go to bed.

The last but not the least is that she is a good advisor for us. She keeps advising us on how to behave in the society especially vis-à-vis elders. Moreover, she is a good example of a woman who has successfully raised up and educated her children. However, at times she talks too much when she is angry and daddy hates that.

Conclusion (Say why you really admire the person)

In conclusion, the person I admire is my mother because she is always caring and precious to all of us for all she keeps doing for our protection and constant welfare. I feel as if I love my mother more than me because without her my life is uncertain. Thus, she's my everything.

What is an article?

An article

- is a piece of writing usually intended for publication in a newspaper, magazine or journal

- is written for a wide audience, so it is essential to attract and retain the readers' attention

- may include amusing stories, reported speech and descriptions

- can be formal or informal, depending on the target audience

- should be written in an interesting or entertaining manner

- should give opinions and thoughts, as well as facts

- is in a less formal style than a report

An article can

- describe an experience, event, person or place

- present an opinion or balanced argument

- compare and contrast

- provide information

- offer suggestions

- offer advice

A realistic article should consist of:

1. An eye-catching title which attracts the readers' attention and suggests the theme of the article.

2. An introduction which clearly defines the topic to be covered and keeps the reader's attention.

3. The main body of two to five paragraphs in which the topic is further developed in detail.

4. The conclusion - summarising the topic or a final opinion, recommendation or comment.

NB: All the elements mentioned above (introduction, body and conclusion) are written in one block and not three separate blocks like in argumentatives or narratives.

SAMPLE ARTICLE

TOPIC: You are Dave Benichrist an honest Cameroon citizen who is not comfortable with corruption. Write an article on the theme "Corruption in Cameroon" that will be published in "Cameroon Tribune" newspaper.

Corruption in Cameroon

According to the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, corruption is a bad, dishonest and illegal behaviour, especially by people in positions of power. It is commonly seen as a secretive transaction because it's done secretly.

Corruption in Cameroon public life can be seen as a blood cancer that has taken deep roots in the country and becomes endemic involving businessmen, bureaucrats, journalists, drivers, teachers, doctors, and the politicians. Thus, everybody is suspicious. This complex phenomenon has various factors that are said to be responsible for corruption today.

The first factor is the POOR SALARY of government civil servants. In fact, employees in some government workers are not well paid. This situation is said to be the cause of corruption in administration. Many wealthy custom officers and police officers nowadays are also equally corrupted and they thrive on bribery. They expect tips and bribes even for doing their regular or routine duties. For example, it's a well-known fact that policemen always receive money from drivers all over the national territory.

Another cause that is very important is the ECONOMIC INSECURITY that leads poor people towards becoming corrupted in the hope of becoming rich. Thus, a poor man will do all he can to become rich. In the same vein, a wealthy man will do everything to become richer or maintain his wealth.

There is also the RELATION between the businessmen and the politicians and THE GOVERNING SYSTEM that encourages corruption. The modern political economic setup provides a chance for the politicians in power to make money through illegal means. For example politicians take bribes from businessmen who give it to secure their business.

Moreover, because of the LACK OF ETHICAL BEHAVIOURS and IMPUNITY, principals of private and public schools for example receive bribes from parents at the beginning of each academic year so as to recruit their children. In the same vein a student will bribe a teacher to obtain higher marks or a man will bribe a doctor to receive a health certificate. People pay or are asked to pay to be recruited in a company. Furthermore, nearly all the Cameroonians believe that it is only by paying during competitive exams that they can succeed. So, how can we root out such a serious problem that is still threatening our economy and society?

First and foremost, the fight against corruption should be a duty for every Cameroonian citizen who loves to see their country clean. Thus, we should start the great and difficult battle against corruption from within if we want to change our country. Cameroonians must therefore resolve to do only the right thing. We should resist to pay or receive bribe for whatever the situation and be ready to denounce any form of corruption around us.

The second step is that, there should be a thorough change in thoughts rather than behaviours. For instance people in general and workers in particular should be sensitized about the negative effects of corruption. Subject of "good manners" or "ethical behaviours" be included in educational systems in order to prepare an honest worker for the future of our country. So, if there is one area in society where change should start, it's the education system.

Thirdly, the anti-corruption bodies (NACC, ANIF) associations which are the most important element that can participate in fighting corruption should be frank in their daily work. So, such associations should be encouraged by the government in order to disclose the activities of criminal organizations and corrupt workers.

The last but not the least, to prevent our future from being jeopardised by corruption is that every citizen should be involved systematically. We should recognise and take it as a personal problem first and then, make the decision to change. Finally, the government should sanction all those who are caught corrupting severely to totally eradicate it from the roots. Thus, a corruption-free government will certainly lead to a corruption-free society.

Dave Benichrist

A Cameroon citizen

An expository essay is a type of essay which presents or gives details about a topic. Here, the candidate is just presenting facts about an issue without an aim of convincing.

PROBLEM AND SOLUTION ESSAY

Topic: Behaviour in schools is getting worse. Explain the causes and effects of this problem, and suggest some possible solutions.

Some ideas for two main body paragraphs:

Causes of bad behaviour in schools:

1. bad behaviour / lack of discipline

2. large classes / difficult to teach

3. disruptive students / family background

4. parents / lenient / spoil

Possible solutions:

1. schools / clear rules

2. teachers / punish disruptive students

3. parents / support / school rules

4. parents / take responsibility / children's behaviour

NB: A good way to practise your writing is to try making full sentences with these ideas e.g. One reason for bad behaviour is the lack of discipline in many schools.

EXAMPLE OF EXPOSITORY ESSAY

EXAMPLE 1: PROBLEM AND SOLUTION ESSAY

Sample writing related to youth crime

Topic: Levels of youth crime are increasing rapidly in most cities around the world. What are the reasons for this, and suggest some solutions.

NB: This essay will thus be divided into two parts:

1- The reasons why youth crimes are increasing

2- The suggested solutions.

Model Answer

INTRODUCTION (à titre indicatif)

Over the last few decades, many cities around the world have seen alarming increases in the levels of youth crime (Introduction of the topic). This essay will discuss the reasons for this and provide some possible solutions. (Thesis statement)

BODY (à titre indicatif)

1st paragraph (Reasons)

The first reason is connected with the family (Topic sentence). In order for a child to grow up in a balanced way, it is very important that he or she is nurtured well by his or her parents. However, these days, it is often the case that children are neglected. This may be because of the fact that many parents in cities now both have to work so are often not around to give a child support when needed. Another factor is the increasing levels of poverty around the world. We have seen with globalization the rich get richer and the poor get poorer, and this inevitably means that those who are poorer will have to resort to illegal means to get what others have. Of course, this will include the children in the poorer families.

2nd paragraph (solutions)

However, there are ways to tackle such problems (Topic sentence). Firstly, one of the ways to combat the problem is to have stricter punishments. Although, as discussed above, it can be outside factors that lead to crime, it is still important to have severe punishments to deter teenagers from crime. Most often, because they are young, the courts are too lenient or indulgent vis-à-vis them. They should be educated and also sensitized. Parents also have to take more responsibility for their children's actions. They too should be punished if their children commit crime. The government should be sure there are places for youths' entertainment and leisure.

CONCLUSION (à titre indicatif)

To sum up, several factors have led to increases in youth crime, but measures are available to tackle this problem. Everybody (parents, teachers, government, elders) should therefore be concerned so as to reduce this phenomenon.

Title: My Neighbourhood

INTRODUCTION

My neighbourhood is a really great place to grow up and to live. It has many wonderful things that make it great. My neighbourhood is great because of where it is located, what it is like, and because of all the people who live nearby. (Thesis Statement)

BODY (Body divided into 03 parts)

TRANSITION I: First of all, my neighbourhood is great because of where it is located. (Topic Sentence)

Detail: My house is very close to my school so I can walk home for lunch any time I want.

Detail: In addition, it is also located near a park where I used to play when I was just a little kid. I have many good memories of playing there with my sister who is two years younger than me.

Detail: There is also a nice little market nearby our house so my mother can buy fruits and vegetables without having to drive which is good because we only have one car in our family.

TRANSITION II: Another reason why my neighbourhood is great is because of what it is like or its character. (Topic sentence)

Detail: The neighbours say "Hi!" to each other which makes my neighbourhood a friendly place.

Detail: Added to this, there are also many pretty trees and flowers all around the yards which makes the place look really nice and colourful. For example, African lily, queen of the night, sun flowers and some special trees.

Detail: Lastly, because it has two minor football fields for footballers, a cinema hall for entertainment.

TRANSITION III: The last reason why my neighbourhood is a great place to be is because of the great people who live there with me. (Topic sentence)

Detail: First of all, the nicest lady in my neighbourhood is a little grandmother (not mine) who lives right next door. She always gives my sister and me cookies and other special treats which makes us feel so happy.

Detail: My cousins, Joy and Clement also live in my neighbourhood and even though we don't see them every day, it's nice when we get together.

Detail: Also, there are a lot of other friendly kids who live in my neighbourhood. For instance, the one I play with most lives just down the street from me and his name is Ed. He has been my friend since first grade. We sometimes walk to school together.

CLOSING/SUMMARY STATEMENT:

To sum up, there are many reasons why my neighbourhood can be called great but the most important reasons are that it is in a great location and wonderful people and things are inside of it. I would not want to live anywhere else.

TAKE GOOD NOTE OF THIS:

A) Take time to read all the proposed topics and choose the one you comprehend well.

B) a good introduction captures the attention of the reader to continue reading with a good feeling about your work and make the candidate gain more marks;

C) a good handwriting helps;

D) write simple, short and straightforward sentences to avoid misunderstanding;

E) watch the use of appropriate tenses, grammatical rules of concord/agreement;

F) make use of the appropriate vocabulary (the choice of words);

G) never give personal information like your name, school, signature in your essay writing no matter the topic treated in official exams. As a candidate, it is important for you to know that Essay Writing is as important as Grammar and Vocabulary as it carries 10 marks, so never give up!!!

SOME USEFUL STEPS:

1. Read the question very carefully, (maybe three times). What is the question asking me to write about?

2. Underline the key things that must be included in the essay.

3. Think about your 4 paragraph structure. (NB: You can write any type of essay in 4 paragraphs; you just need to decide what to put in each paragraph.)

4. If you need to give your opinion, take the easiest opinion to explain.

5. Write down some vocabulary ideas that are related to the topic.

6. Try to write 2 or 3 sentences for the introduction: (Introduce the topic, then give a simple answer (including your opinion if the question asks for it).

7. Write short 'topic sentences' to start each paragraph, then develop your ideas by explaining and supporting with examples.

8. Look at the questions from time to time in order to check that you are answering every part of it.

CRITERIA USED IN MARKING YOUR ESSAY WRITING

• RELEVANCE ==== Pertinence de votre devoir (qualité et quantité des idées)


• COHERENCE ==== Cohérence et cohésion de votre devoir (fluidité et logique)


• ACCURACY ==== Langue et expression (orthographe, grammaire, conjugaison)


• ORIGINALITY ==== Originalité de votre devoir (votre particularité)


• FORMAT / LAY OUT ==== Mise en forme (dans letter writing)

LISTE DE CONNECTEURS LOGIQUES ET MOTS DE LIAISON ANGLAIS

Pour une bonne fluidité et cohésion de sa rédaction, le candidat peut faire usage des connecteurs logiques appropriés pour relier ses idées.

FORMULES D'INTRODUCTION / ADDITION À UN RÉCIT, INTRODUCTION D'UN ARGUMENT

First : en premier

Firstly : premièrement

First of all : tout d'abord

To begin / to start with : pour commencer

At the beginning : au début

In the beginning : au début

In the first place : en premier lieu

First and foremost : tout d'abord, en premier lieu

And : et

As well as : ainsi que

Also : aussi

Too : aussi

Not only ... but also : non seulement ... mais aussi

Another point is that : un autre point

Besides : d'ailleurs

SUITE LOGIQUE, DÉVELOPPEMENT DU RÉCIT

Secondly, thirdly : secondement, troisièmement

Then : ensuite

Next : puis

At first sight : à première vue

As a matter of fact, in fact : en fait

At all events, in any case : en fait

On second thoughts : à la réflexion

Actually : effectivement, vraiment, en fait

Anyway : de toutes façons

In most cases : dans la plupart des cas

In this respect : à cet égard

To some extent : dans une certaine mesure

As far as ... is concerned : en ce qui concerne

From a ... point of view : d'un point de vue de

Furthermore : en outre, de plus

Moreover : de plus

What is more : que plus est, bien plus

By the way : soit dit en passant

In addition to: de surcroît, en outre

In fact : en fait

In other words : en d'autres termes

That is to say : c'est-à-dire

On top of that : de plus

Similarly : de même

DONNER DES EXEMPLES

for example : par exemple

for instance : par exemple

this includes : cela inclus (au sens de par exemple)

such as : tel que

e.g : for example

like : comme

namely : c'est-à-dire

above all : surtout

CONNECTEURS LOGIQUES DE CAUSALITÉ

Because : parce que

Because of : en raison de

As : comme, étant donné que

For : car

Thanks to : grâce à

Due to : dû au fait que

On account of : étant donné que

Given that : étant donné que

Since : puisque

Owing to : à cause de

This is because : c'est parce que, la raison en est que

CONNECTEURS LOGI